A woman in her 60s with pneumaturia.

A woman in her 60s with insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes since childhood was referred as an outpatient for urological assessment because of recurrent lower urinary tract infections and macroscopic haematuria. She had suffered an episode of spasmodic back pain five days before the referral in question was issued, but no back pain since this episode. She had not had fever, and her general condition was good. The referral mentioned that the patient had known overconsumption of alcohol. There was no information on whether blood tests had been performed. The patient had failed to produce a urine sample, so no urine culture had been carried out.